Why Matthew Edwin

Matthew Edwin International, LLC.

The first name I chose for this company before Magma Far East comes from my full name, Matthew Edwin Carpenter. There is history and meaning packed in my two given names. 

My parents are Asia specialists. My father, Bruce Carpenter, is an expert on Chinese poetry and art history. My mother, Juliet Winters Carpenter, is an internationally recognized literary translator.

I was their first child.  My name is a nod to Matthew Perry and Edwin Reischauer, two men who made signal contributions to Japanese-American relations. Among other associations.

Matthew Perry the naval officer (not the actor) led a fleet to Edo (the old name for Tokyo) in 1853 and forced the Tokugawa government to abandon Japan’s centuries- old policy of isolationism. 

The arrival of Perry and his "black ships" was a wakeup call to people in Japan, especially the youth: if they did not get their act together they would be colonized by the West. China had just lost the Opium Wars and its people were being taken advantage of by colonial oppressors. The result in Japan was a revolutionary movement led by inspired youth, culminating in the Meiji Restoration of 1868 which toppled the Tokugawa government that had been in power for around 300 years.

Edwin Reischauer was a Japan born American like me, born to Presbyterian missionaries stationed in Tokyo in 1910. He led an exemplary career as an academic in Harvard. He originated East Asian Studies in the US and trained the first generation of Asia experts in this country. 

President John F. Kennedy chose him to be the ambassador to Japan, and he served in that capacity from 1961 to 1966. Harvard’s Japanese studies program is named after him.

In short, I’m named after two American giants who were key players in the history of US-Japan relations. That’s a lot to live up to, as I myself pursue a career in US-Japan and international relations.

This is why I initially chose these two names for my company. I have entered a new phase of my career and hope to make a contribution to communication between fundamentally different cultures separated by language, customs, history, even ways of thinking. 

Matthew Perry issued a necessary wakeup call to Japan at a critical juncture, forcing a long-isolated nation to enter the treacherous waters of international relations while surrounded by powerful colonial powers. He opened the gate between Japan and the world.

Reischauer cultivated much needed awareness and dialogue in the US regarding not just Japan but all of Asia. He facilitated better US-Japan relations. In fact, he gave his life for this work: a Japanese man attacked him in Japan, leading to the illness that eventually cost him his life. 

International relations is becoming more and more treacherous again, for Japan and the US, and for all the world. The threat is not only from North Korea; in a globalized world, regional instability has worldwide repercussions. What happens in Syria, Ukraine, Sudan, Latin America, and other areas impact Japan, the US, and the relations between them.

Leaders of Japan and the US know this. There is a reason why one of President Barack Obama’s last acts as sitting president was to visit Hiroshima, the site of the world's first nuclear bombing. There is a reason why Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Pearl Harbor before Donald Trump’s inauguration. There is a reason why the Trump administration, despite its rhetoric on economic nationalism and isolationism, is maintaining strong ties with Japan. 

I am here to contribute what I can to the process. I will do my best to live up to the proud legacy of the giants Matthew Perry and Edwin Reischauer.

On the US-Japan Relations Court as a Manager

Realistically speaking, my position as the U.N. correspondent for The Yomiuri Shimbun was not a real-world job. Yes, there was competition. There were many obstacles to success. However, I was protected by two large, powerful organizations--the U.N. and The Yomirui Shimbun--and I operated in an insular environment. In that sense, I consider my two years at the U.N. to have been an internship of sorts.

My first real-world job in New York, with the accompaning challenges and professional development, was at the company I joined next: Fresco International,  with offices in Manhattan (Fresco onwards).

On June 2015, I was hired as manager of an import/export trading company called Fresco, the parent company being Strategic Device, with its offices in Tokyo. Our main client was the Japanese Air Force. Compared to what I had encountered at the U.N., the workload was overwhelming.  I often was at the office till midnight and spent frequent weekends there as well. The work content and office atmosphere were far more rigorous than what I was used to at the U.N., where I would attend daily “networking” coffee breaks with diplomats, along with frequent parties and dinner outings.

I was Fresco’s sole complete bilingual American employee, and I worked surrounded by Japanese personnel. I gained valuable experience, and also it was the first time in my life I was ever manager of an organization.

At Fresco, I observed firsthand how US-Japan relations operate at the ground level, and I was able to take part in and contribute to this process. Since childhood it's been my desire to have a career in US-Japan relations, and this desire led me to found Magma Far East. Fresco was my first taste of making a contribution in a very direct fashion.

Let me give you specific examples.

Fresco’s main task was to purchase military-grade equipment the Japanese Self Defense Force required and deliver it to the offices of Strategic Device in Tokyo. Along with manufacturing companies, Fresco had established relationships with the US State Department, Japanese and US Customs, and delivery organizations from multiple countries. As the manager, I would facilitate the flow of information, money, and equipment between all these organizations and negotiate solutions as problems arose. It was also my duty to  develop relationships and negotiate contracts with new manufacturing companies.

Immediately after I joined Fresco, word came in from a delivery company at JFK airport. Expensive equipment was stuck there, as US Customs was not allowing its delivery to Tokyo. The Japanese military made it clear that if the equipment was not delivered within a week, they would not make the payment. Fresco was facing the prospect of a significant monetary blow.

Phone calls alone were no help in shedding light on what the problem was. I made my way to JFK alone to see what could be done.

Upon arrival at the airport, I went around to introduce myself at the delivery company and at Customs. Representatives did not hide their amazement and relief to see an American manager with high Japanese skills from a Japanese company that had previously been hard to communicate with; they were glad  that communication would now be smooth. Finally, by going back and forth between Customs and the delivery company while maintaining communication with the main office in Japan, I was able to cut through the red tape and solve the problem.

It turned out the paperwork had been improperly done.  I rewrote it to specifications and resubmitted it. After Customs approved the corrected paperwork, the equipment was delivered to the Japanese military on time.

This all may sound easy, but it was actually harder than it sounds. First of all, time was limited. With a looming deadline, I had to pinpoint the source of the breakdown in communication. I then had to solve the problem while engaging and maintaining the flow of communication between the two sides. Next, I composed paperwork satisfactory to both the shipping company and US Customs and got it approved, then verified that the shipment was safely sent to Tokyo. Throughout this process, I had to accurately convey the content of my discussions with the American organizations to my Japanese colleagues in Japanese. I also had to deliver requests from Japan to the US organizations in English.

Here is another example. The previous manager could not understand instructions provided by the US State Department on how to deliver a specific type of expensive  equipment to Japan. The equipment had been collecting dust in a warehouse for nearly two years. Negotiations with the State Department was going nowhere.

To resolve the issue, I read through the email exchange between Fresco and the State Department going back two years. Much of the English writing done by Fresco’s Japanese staff was garbled and clearly hard for the State Department to understand. I called the State Department  and asked for instructions on how to proceed. I then forwarded these instructions to Fresco and Strategic Device personnel in Japanese. As a result, the expensive equipment was finally released and delivered to Japan.

I contributed to the flow of daily operations as well. I not only intervened when communication broke down, but I worked to prevent problems by doing everything from correcting grammar to representing the Japanese side in phone negotiations with Western private and governmental organizations. I leveraged my bicultural skill set to maintain the flow of communication, goods, and money amongst multiple organizations.

I left Fresco after six months, due to issues related to health insurance. However, the experience I acquired during the six months was priceless. It was the first work environment where I made continual active use of my bilingual, bicultural skills.  At the same time, I saw firsthand at the ground level, and through the business side, how US-Japan relations work. My first on-field performance on the court of US-Japan relations was a grand success!

Delivering the World to The Yomiuri Shimbun

I was surrounded by three Yomiuri staff at the interview in midtown Manhattan – including Kato-san, my future senior colleague. The interview, initially in English, was now taking place in Japanese.

“We’re always skeptical when people put on their resume they’re fluent in Japanese. Most of the time they’re exaggerating.” I was obviously an exception as they jolted when I began speaking to them; even veteran journalists for an elite Japanese organization like Yomiuri were unaccustomed to an American this fluent.

As the interview wound down, Kato-san, who had thrown several challenging questions at me, asked if I had been nervous. Without missing a beat I said, “Of course! Couldn’t you tell?” 

“Brilliant. Yes I could.” He liked my answer.

After submitting my references, several days later I received a call from Yomiuri’s Council. I got the job as their UN reporter.

I began work the following Monday. Kato-san took me to the conference room and made it clear what the expectation was.

“Your main job is to get your hands on the confidential annual report on North Korea. It’s one of the hardest to get at the UN. Your predecessor failed. Kyodo and Asahi"--Yomiuri’s main competitors--"have been consistently beating us the past several years, and this can’t go on. Their entrenched institutional sources at the UN give them the upper hand. I hired you because you’re likable and you’ve done well in sales before. And you speak Japanese. 

“We’re counting on you.”

So began my two-year adventure at the UN. I was single-handedly representing the newspaper with the world’s widest circulation: 13 million subscribers, with an estimated readership of 26 million. Nearly a quarter of Japan was now depending on my work.

The first year did not go well.

On my first day, Kato-san took me to the UN headquarters. After securing my UN pass, he dropped me off at my new office and left me there. I knew no one at the UN and had no experience in journalism. I had, however, read "Tokyo Vice," a book by Yomiuri’s first western journalist, who was assigned the Yakuza (Japanese mafia) beat in Tokyo. It was a great read, although Yomiuri staff later told me he took some creative liberties.

I began introducing myself to UN officers and diplomats from the UK, France, the US, Lebanon…anyone willing to meet me. I quickly realized there was a hierarchy of media at the UN. At the top you had organizations like The New York Times and Reuters, whose representatives didn’t hide their awareness of their top status.

Japanese media, with nearly a dozen companies—the most of any member state—was lower mid-tier. Though in Japan Yomiuri was the most influential, diplomats and UN staff couldn’t give a damn. I was given short shrift: doors slammed in my face and people hung up when I called. Western diplomats lumped us all together as “the Japanese media.”

I also received advice ill-suited for the UN.

In Japan, Yomiuri journalists are known to call people every 10 minutes until they relent, or to walk into people’s offices demanding attention and information.

Such persistence works well in Japan, where Yomiuri has the name and status to pull it off. However, it was not suited to the UN. Nevertheless, Kato-san insisted I follow in Yomiuri’s tradition. I called diplomats over and over, and I walked uninvited into the offices of high-ranking UN staff. My reputation at the UN did not get off to a good start.

One night, he called me at 11:00 pm. The annual report of the North Korean Sanctions Committee was out, and our competitors had got their hands on it. He was desperate: “Call everyone.”

I did. To no avail. I failed to get my hands on a copy of the report that first year. Asahi and Kyodo scooped us yet again.

However, I was not quitting.

Later on, after the report was made public, the South Korean mission organized a press conference based on it. Kato-san called me beforehand with a terse order: “Read it.” The report was dense, 100s of pages long. I took the time to read it cover to cover.

Along with the South Korean UN ambassador, the head of the North Korean Sanctions Committee and the Korean Peninsula expert from the Council on Foreign Relations spoke. Media and high-ranking diplomats from around the world attended the event, and who knows how many people were watching via television and the internet.

The speakers finished, and it was time for questions. Determined, I raised my hand, but wasn’t picked. Kato-san, sitting next to me, was visibly nervous.

I raised my hand again. And again. Finally, I was picked.

“Hi, my name is Matthew Carpenter, a reporter for Yomiuri Shimbun, a Japanese newspaper. Earlier you said cooperation from the international community towards your work has been increasing the past 15 months. Now, in the report, it says there is a general lack of awareness among the import/export community regarding the Security Council sanctions against North Korea. My question is, if cooperation from the international community has been increasing the past 15 months, is the awareness among the import/export community regarding the sanctions increasing also, and if not, what are you doing about it? Thank you.”

Kato-san’s head bowed low and deep. Momentarily, I panicked. “Was that a bad question?!”  However, I knew something different had happened as the head of the Sanctions Committee began speaking. His voice sounded nervous and his body language showed a loss of confidence.

Afterward I asked Kato-san if he liked the question I asked. He just nodded.

At the reception, veteran journalists walked up to me and congratulated me for having asked the best question at the press conference. When I introduced myself to the Council on Foreign Relations Korea expert, he glared at me: “That was a hard question!”

My reputation at the UN changed overnight. I began asking more questions.

Word began getting around the UN that I asked good, tough questions.

I knew there had been a shift in the attitude the international community showed me when the Ambassador of the League of Arab States invited me to a luncheon. As it turned out, I was the only Japanese media representative there.

I arrived 15 minutes early. The ambassador walked up to me, looked me in the eye, and without preamble asked, “What is the difference between US foreign policy in the Middle East and East Asia since WWII, and what generates the difference?”

I was being tested.

Nervously, I answered, “Well, we incorporated East Asia into our alliance structure and industrialized those nations to protect our sea lanes of communication, while in the Middle East we play balance-of-power politics to keep a dominant power from emerging. What generates the difference is the presence of the Soviet, or Russian, threat.” He nodded, and without another word returned to his seat. Without my knowing if I had passed the test or not, the luncheon commenced.

By this time Yomiuri management had replaced Kato-san with Mizuno-san, my new boss. My performance for Yomiuri was accelerating. I was producing results, including several front-page scoops. With the one on the Russian resolution against ISIS funding, I even beat The New York Times and Reuters.

I was having fun, and at times the answers I extracted generated headlines around the world. Here is an example.

The chief architect of the General Assembly gave a tour for international media after reconstruction finished. With the coming Scottish vote of independence in mind, I asked if he had left seats open for possible new member states.

“Hey, good question!” The New York Times correspondent was impressed. The architect smiled hesitantly and after a pause informed us that while there were 193 current member states, the new General Assembly hall could accommodate 206. Journalists pulled out their cell phones and began spreading the news around the world: the UN had room for 13 more new member states.

Journalists from international media began seeking my opinions. For example, the writer and founder of PassBlue interviewed me on why I thought US Ambassador Samantha Power was not appearing at press conferences despite her background as a journalist. Not only were my quotes heavily incorporated into her article, but the writer included that the USUN Mission had told me “we’ll always take your phone call.”

These quotes hit a nerve with the Deputy Spokesperson of the USUN Mission. My analysis was that Ambassador Power probably was under White House orders to keep her interaction with the press minimal. He ran up to me at the UN, shoved his finger into my face, and yelled “Interesting quotes!” However, after he gathered himself, he did acknowledge I was the fairest in my analysis of Ambassador Power. I asked if my analysis was correct. He was silent, then declined to answer. His body language told me that I probably did hit the nail.

Then the crucial moment came again: the annual report on North Korea was out. Reuters got their hands on it and wired about it. Mizuno-san called me with a trace of urgency in his voice.

I called my best source. He sent me a document we both knew was not the one I was looking for. Undeterred, I called him again. This time, he gave me the holy grail of the Japanese media. At long last I was able to acquire the report on North Korea that had eluded Yomiuri's grasp for several years.

My two years at the UN were perhaps not the best years of my life, but certainly they were the most thrilling. A novice surrounded by diplomats, UN staff, and journalists representing countries from around the world that dislike each other to the point of many killing each other through wars and genocides, I was scooping not only my Japanese competitors but, on occasion, top Western organizations like the New York Time and Reuters.

My competitors at the UN all had entrenched institutional sources and/or status that Yomiuri as an organization lacked.  At the same time, my work ethic and enthusiasm became respected by the international community at the UN. Working from scratch, I not only cultivated strong, trusted sources but built friendships that will last a lifetime. I was treated by the international community's best and the brightest as their intellectual equal. Not all journalists at the UN were. I had off the record conversations with representatives from, but not limited to, the US, Russia, UK, France, China, Japan, Germany, Lithuania, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Pakistan, and more.

In my career onwards, doubtless I will encounter environments and challenges where what worked for me at the UN will not apply. However, I know I can generate rapport with Japanese, American, and international professionals no matter where I am. I have the tenacity and flexibility to learn the rules of the game in varying environments.

I have, can, and will, deliver the world to you.

Why Google Translate Will Not Replace Me Anytime Soon

Why is quality translation and interpretation rare?

Take “human relationships.”

The Japanese language has the exact same phrase: ningen kankei. Ningen means human, and kankei means relationships.

Brilliant. Translating/interpreting this phrase between Japanese and English is a no brainer, right?

Wrong.

In English, “human relationships” has a positive connotation: friendship, romance, family…the stuff that makes life worth living.

In Japanese, “ningen kankei” is negative: office politics, gossip, friendships betrayed…the stuff that makes life a challenge.

The English sentence “encouraging human relationships in a diverse work environment” would therefore have an entirely different meaning if literally translated into Japanese.

This is just one example. Literal translations/interpretations more often than not botch the meaning behind the words. An effective translator/interpreter must be aware of these nuances in a plethora of environments that utilizes vernacular and phrases with hidden connotations.

Take translation, the process of converting written text between languages. An effective translator doesn’t just translate words, but grasps the essence of the text and recreates it into the target language. That is why when you read the words of some of the top translators in the world, it would seem they took their creative liberties too far. They did. Which is why they’re top translators.

This is also why, for example, different translators will publish their work on literature already translated: there are multiple translations of the Tale of Genji, Japan’s ancient novel, for example. There’re multiple ways to fry a translating fish, especially if the original work is rich in literary quality.

It is easier to produce quality with fewer errors while translating than interpreting. You have all the time in the world (unless you’re facing a tight deadline!) to ponder the meanings behind words in different languages.

Interpreting (oral translation) is a whole different ball game. You have nanoseconds to make judgments on the true meaning of what is being said to properly express it into the target language.

As a professional interpreter, power, reputations, money, and even lives are at stake. Whether interpreting in legal settings, or for medical professionals, or between two business organizations. A botched interpretation can and will ruin deals. Even lives.

What if during a business negotiation you accidentally interpreted $100,000 as ¥100,000? One hundred thousand yen is around one thousand US dollars.

What if at a hospital you misinterpreted the dosage of a medication with a low therapeutic threshold with strong side effects?

These are just some obvious examples.

An interpreter must maintain focus. Conversations may get bogged down in technical jargon, or become confrontational and emotional: you maintain your role as a linguistic conduit and keep focused on every word all parties blurt out without missing a beat in getting the meaning across in the target language.

A good translator/interpreter must know the cultural context of the languages as well: cultural references are thrown around in language that if you literally translate would lose its meaning. A good translator and interpreter conveys the cultural differences, not just that of language. For example, a Japanese person would be hard pressed to understand "if you're under 30 and a Republican you have no heart, but if you're over 30 and you're a Democrat, you have no brain."

In short: Google has a ways to go before they program Google Translate to encompass all these roles into software that can replace someone born and raised simultaneously for 21 years in two fundamentally different languages and cultures. With AI, maybe someday? We’ll see!

Japan and America: How Exactly Different?

America and Japan are, well...different. 

Stating the obvious is the easiest part. How exactly? Now that’s harder, and way, way more interesting!

In a sentence: America is a low-context, individualistic society based on self- assertion, while Japan is a high-context, consensus building society.

You’re thinking, what does that mean?

Sociologists define societies as either low- or high-context. High-context societies include places such as Japan, Thailand, and Russia. Rules are important, traditions valued, and timeliness stressed. Low-context societies include countries like the US, Israel, and New Zealand. Rules are followed more flexibly, people are more willing to break with traditions, and being late tend to be not considered as big of a deal, for example.

Japan is considered one of the most high-context societies in this world. People will not cross streets at red lights even if no cars are in sight. Japanese tend to always show up to parties on time. Contracts are not as valued, as players within the society desire tacit agreements. One is expected to know and follow unspoken societal rules without being told.

Much of the US is low-context. Jaywalking is common, Americans consider it fashionable to be late to parties, and contracts are a must to put agreements into legally binding physical forms, as Americans more than Japanese are willing to break societal rules and promises.

Japan is consensus building – what groups you belong to is way more important than in the US. As a result, you see less entrepreneurship, and job seekers are eager to be employed by large, established, what people in Japan call “big hand” companies. Entrance ceremonies for schools and organizations are must-attend events, including coming-of-age ceremonies many Japanese 20-year olds attend nationwide on the second Monday of January called “Seijin-shiki.”

Japanese society respects and follows precedence and established protocols diligently. Rules, along with cemented group and organizational consensus, are harder to change than in the US. This practice works well when the consensus is effective – corporate Japan’s success in the 70s and 80s led by governmental leadership comes to mind. However, needed reforms were also slow to be implemented in the 90s after the bubble burst in ’89 due to this institutional momentum.

The US is not only individualistic, but you have to assert yourself. Not only is there a deep desire for one’s voice to be heard in America, but for it to be an impact that produces results and change. Entrepreneurship is not just common, but is encouraged and respected. Free-speech and democracy allow for marginal groups to make their voices heard, resulting in the Civil Rights Movement, Women’s Liberation Movement, and other protests demanding influence and a voice within society.

Individualism in the US can be seen in the way graduation and retirement are celebrated with rigor. US society as a whole tends to not trust authority much compared to Japan.

The result in the US is a divisive society within America’s melting pot framework – from politics, ideologies, to race and gender relations, all vying to assert their voices.

This difference manifests itself in how the two countries select their Heads of State. In the US, American people vote for their President in contentious elections directly through the Electoral College system. In Japan, on the other hand, Prime Ministers are elected by the Diet, based on consensus.

You can also see these differences in how organizations operate. American governmental policies and corporate models are flexible compared to Japan – pitfalls are US organizations tend to lack long-term vision, operate with shortsightedness, and are unpredictable. Just look at how the switch from Obama to Trump is having global consequences.

Japan, though less flexible than the US both at the societal and organizational level, is better than the US at adhering to established structures put in place by consensus, generated under leadership operating with a long-term vision. The pitfall is Japanese people stick to plans even when they obviously aren’t working.

Which is better? That I can’t say. However, I can function in and navigate both worlds with freedom and ease.

For example, I asserted myself effectively in the competitive, contentious environment at the United Nations and forged robust relationships with member states from low-context countries, including the United States. I also cultivated rapport with representatives and U.N. officers from high-context member states, not only Japan but countries such as China, Russia, and Vietnam. I achieved top sales numbers at Wells Fargo Bank while navigating the individualistic milieu of the US, and I also effectively took part in the consensus building process at Japan International Food for the Hungry while working in Sendai for tsunami refugee relief.

Both models of how the two cultures operate have their strengths and weaknesses – I can bring the best of both to the table.

You also have differences such as institutionalized hierarchy reflected in language, definitions of masculinity and femininity, and the role of humor in daily living, but I won’t touch on these topics this time.

Feel free to contact me if you want to discuss the differences between these two very different societies.

Bicultural Consultant

As a “bicultural consultant” I have the ability to be an “Ambassador Between Worlds.” You’re thinking, what does that mean? Are these simply glorified titles boiling down to translator?

I effectively have two brains. They are separate but fused - a Japanese one and an American one. These brains allow me to function as a native to Japan and the US. My entire formative years were spent immersed in fundamentally different languages and cultures, which wired my brain this way.

My culturally sensitive minds bridge gaps and divisions between nations beyond America and Japan.

For instance, as the U.N. Reporter for The Yomiuri Shimbun, I was the sole liaison between the international community and the New York bureau of the newspaper with the largest circulation in Japan. Working for a Japanese Import/Export Company in New York, I was relied on to communicate with Japanese and English-based governmental and private organizations, from the State Department to shipping companies, and I single-handedly solved problems for my company that other employees without my cultural skill set would have been hard pressed to do.

I can be of service in the field of worlds with fundamentally different, if not conflicting, cultural norms and rules. With me at your disposal, you will have a tool capable of operating effortlessly in the international arena. Hire me. You can throw me into the lion’s den, Japan, the US, the world at large. I produce. I produce results. Building relationships with communities across the globe. For me that’s a Tuesday.

“Bilingual professionals” are dime a dozen. My life experience means more than language. Immersed in Japanese, American, and international communities from early childhood cultivated in me the ability to navigate distinct cultures and connect with people no matter where they are from.

As a “bicultural consultant,” I not only can translate and interpret, I can bring the world to you.

I’m here to make a contribution.

Childhood in Japan

People often ask me, “What was it like growing up in Japan?”

To which I always respond, “do you want my two hour answer or my three hour answer?”

My childhood was full of wonder and adventure. Wading through rice paddies, building forts in bamboo forests, exploring the mountains and rivers of the countryside of Nara, soaking up the mysterious and spiritual energy of the Buddhist temples in my neighborhood.

I split the neighborhood – kids either hated me or loved me. My Japanese friends willing to hang out with me did so knowing many in the neighborhood avoided me.

I was popular in Japanese kindergarten, but far from it in Japanese elementary school. As a diplomat at the U.N. put it, “Matthew, you at least survived to talk about it!”

I was a perpetual outsider – many of my friends’ parents refused to let me into their homes. People would point fingers at me in public, yelling, “Look, there’s a gaijin (foreigner)!” Bullying, and the threat of it, was always around me.

My parents eventually enrolled me in a missionary school in the town of Ikoma, where I received a fundamentalist Christian education in English. Unlike many of the expat families in Japan, my parents actively encouraged me to remain involved in Japanese communities. I attended Japanese church, I took calligraphy and karate classes, and I was immersed in Japanese pop culture.

I would read all the time in Japanese.

My lifelong interest in international affairs stems from my childhood in Japan. I would read geopolitical historical fiction such as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Americans, due to our immigrant and isolationist past, on average are not very interested in world affairs compared to other societies and tend to lack a sophisticated understanding of international relations. I am very much the product of East Asia with its rich history of IR.

My childhood was good overall. Yes, it would have been easier growing up in the States, but who ever said easier is better?